Normal Value

Normal values for laboratory biochemistry tests can vary slightly depending on the specific laboratory and the testing methods used. However, here are common reference ranges for some key biochemical parameters measured in blood:

1. Glucose:
   • Fasting Blood Glucose: 70-100 mg/dL (3.9-5.6 mmol/L)
   • Random Blood Glucose: <140 mg/dL (<7.8 mmol/L)
2. Lipids:
   • Total Cholesterol: <200 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L)
   • Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol: <100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L)
   • High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol: >40 mg/dL for men, >50 mg/dL for women (1.0-1.3 mmol/L)
   • Triglycerides: <150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)
3. Liver Function Tests:
   • Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT): 7-56 U/L
   • Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST or SGOT): 5-40 U/L
   • Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): 44-147 U/L
   • Total Bilirubin: 0.1-1.2 mg/dL (1.7-20.5 μmol/L)
   • Direct Bilirubin: <0.3 mg/dL (<5.1 μmol/L)
4. Kidney Function Tests:
   • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): 7-20 mg/dL (2.5-7.1 mmol/L)
   • Serum Creatinine: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL (53-106 μmol/L)
   • Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR): >90 mL/min/1.73m²
5. Electrolytes:
   • Sodium (Na): 135-145 mEq/L (135-145 mmol/L)
   • Potassium (K): 3.5-5.0 mEq/L (3.5-5.0 mmol/L)
   • Chloride (Cl): 98-106 mEq/L (98-106 mmol/L)
   • Bicarbonate (HCO3): 22-28 mEq/L (22-28 mmol/L)
6. Calcium:
   • Total Calcium: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL (2.1-2.6 mmol/L)
   • Ionized Calcium: 4.5-5.3 mg/dL (1.1-1.3 mmol/L)
7. Proteins:
   • Total Protein: 6.0-8.3 g/dL (60-83 g/L)
   • Albumin: 3.5-5.0 g/dL (35-50 g/L)
   • Globulin: 2.0-3.5 g/dL (20-35 g/L)
   • Albumin/Globulin (A/G) Ratio: >1.0

It’s important to note that reference ranges may differ between laboratories, and results should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical findings and patient history. Additionally, age, gender, and other factors may influence normal values. Always consult with a healthcare provider for interpretation of laboratory test results.

1. Glucose:
   • Glucose is the primary source of energy for the body’s cells and is derived from dietary carbohydrates.
   • Fasting blood glucose levels are typically measured after an overnight fast and are used to screen for diabetes mellitus and assess glycemic control.
   • Random blood glucose levels may be measured at any time and are used for diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus.
2. Lipids:
   • Lipids include cholesterol and triglycerides, which are essential for cell structure, hormone production, and energy storage.
   • Total cholesterol levels reflect the amount of cholesterol in the blood, with higher levels associated with increased cardiovascular risk.
   • LDL cholesterol is considered the “bad” cholesterol because elevated levels can lead to atherosclerosis and heart disease.
   • HDL cholesterol is considered the “good” cholesterol because higher levels are associated with a lower risk of heart disease.
   • Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood and are used as a measure of lipid metabolism and cardiovascular risk.
3. Liver Function Tests:
   • Liver function tests measure enzymes, proteins, and bilirubin levels in the blood to assess liver health and function.
   • Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are enzymes found in liver cells. Elevated levels may indicate liver damage or disease.
   • Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in the liver, bones, and other tissues. Elevated levels may indicate liver or bone disease.
   • Bilirubin is a waste product produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver. Elevated levels may indicate liver dysfunction or hemolytic disorders.
4. Kidney Function Tests:
   • Kidney function tests measure markers of kidney function, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine.
   • BUN is a waste product of protein metabolism excreted by the kidneys. Elevated levels may indicate kidney dysfunction or dehydration.
   • Serum creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism excreted by the kidneys. Elevated levels may indicate impaired kidney function or kidney disease.
   • Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a calculated value based on serum creatinine levels and is used to assess overall kidney function.
5. Electrolytes:
   • Electrolytes are minerals that carry an electric charge and are essential for various physiological functions, including nerve function, muscle contraction, and fluid balance.
   • Sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate are key electrolytes measured in blood.
   • Abnormal electrolyte levels can indicate dehydration, kidney dysfunction, hormonal imbalances, or other medical conditions.
6. Calcium:
   • Calcium is a mineral essential for bone health, muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting.
   • Total calcium levels reflect the total amount of calcium in the blood, while ionized calcium levels represent the biologically active form of calcium.
   • Abnormal calcium levels can indicate disorders of the parathyroid glands, bones, kidneys, or other organs.
7. Proteins:
   • Proteins are essential molecules involved in various physiological processes, including immune function, hormone transport, and tissue repair.
   • Total protein levels measure the overall concentration of proteins in the blood, including albumin and globulins.
   • Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood and plays a critical role in maintaining oncotic pressure and transporting substances in the blood.
   • Globulins include antibodies, enzymes, and other proteins involved in immune function and blood clotting.

These laboratory biochemistry parameters provide valuable information about the body’s metabolic and physiological status and are used to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, assess organ function, and guide treatment decisions. Interpretation of test results should be done in conjunction with clinical findings and patient history to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.