Human Bones

Human bones can be broadly categorized into two main types: axial bones and appendicular bones.

1. Axial Skeleton Bones: These bones form the central axis of the body and include the following:
   • Skull Bones:
     • Frontal bone
     • Parietal bones (2)
     • Temporal bones (2)
     • Occipital bone
     • Sphenoid bone
     • Ethmoid bone
     • Facial bones (including nasal bones, zygomatic bones, maxilla, mandible, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, vomer, and inferior nasal conchae)
   • Hyoid Bone: A U-shaped bone located in the neck between the mandible and the larynx. It does not articulate with any other bone and serves as a point of attachment for muscles of the tongue and larynx.
   • Auditory Ossicles (Ear Bones):
     • Malleus (hammer)
     • Incus (anvil)
     • Stapes (stirrup)
   • Vertebral Column: Consists of multiple vertebrae, including cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae.
   • Ribs: Twelve pairs of ribs attached to the thoracic vertebrae, consisting of true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs.
   • Sternum (Breastbone): Consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
2. Appendicular Skeleton Bones: These bones are associated with the limbs (appendages) and include the following:
   • Upper Limb Bones:
     • Clavicle (collarbone)
     • Scapula (shoulder blade)
     • Humerus (upper arm bone)
     • Radius and ulna (forearm bones)
     • Carpals (wrist bones)
     • Metacarpals (hand bones)
     • Phalanges (finger bones)
   • Lower Limb Bones:
     • Coxal bones (hip bones), including ilium, ischium, and pubis
     • Femur (thigh bone)
     • Patella (kneecap)
     • Tibia and fibula (lower leg bones)
     • Tarsals (ankle bones)
     • Metatarsals (foot bones)
     • Phalanges (toe bones)

Additionally, there are numerous small bones and sesamoid bones (e.g., patella) throughout the body that provide structural support, protection, and serve as attachment points for muscles, tendons, and ligaments.